Blank Plasstic Eyeglasses With Temples Frame Clip Art Clear Black White

Class of vision aid

Glasses
A modern pair of glasses
Other names	Eyeglasses, spectacles
Specialty	Ophthalmology, optometry
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Glasses, also known every bit eyeglasses or spectacles, are vision eyewear, with clear lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front end of a person's eyes, typically utilizing a span over the nose and hinged artillery (known as temples or temple pieces) which residuum over the ears.

Glasses are typically used for vision correction, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for nearsightedness; however, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes.

Safety glasses provide eye protection confronting flying debris for structure workers or lab technicians; these glasses may accept protection for the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of safety spectacles are used to protect confronting visible and near-visible light or radiations. Glasses are worn for center protection in some sports, such equally squash.

Spectacles wearers may apply a strap to foreclose the spectacles from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used simply part of the time may have the spectacles attached to a cord that goes effectually their cervix, to foreclose the loss of the glasses and breaking. The loss of glasses would be detrimental to those working in these weather condition.

Sunglasses allow for better vision in bright daylight, and may protect ane'south eyes against impairment from excessive levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; photochromatic glasses are blacked out or lightly tinted in dark or indoor conditions, merely turn into sunglasses when they come in contact with ultraviolet light. Well-nigh over the counter sunglasses do not take cosmetic power in the lenses; withal, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have photophobia every bit a chief symptom (like certain migraine disorders or Irlen syndrome) often vesture sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, even indoors and at night.

Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example 3D glasses for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or artful purposes. Even with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are available, using plastic, metal, wire, and other materials for frames.

Types [edit]

Glasses can be marked or constitute past their primary office, but besides appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or prophylactic spectacles with enhanced magnification.

Cosmetic [edit]

Cosmetic lenses are used to correct refractive errors by angle the light inbound the eye in order to convalesce the effects of conditions such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism. The power of one's optics to accommodate their focus to nigh and afar focus alters over fourth dimension. A mutual condition in people over twoscore years onetime is presbyopia, which is caused past the eye'southward crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to adapt (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people accept a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more refracting) lens than the other.

Corrective lenses bring the epitome dorsum into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter tin be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly meliorate the life quality of the wearer. Non only practice they enhance the wearer's visual experience, just can also reduce problems that issue from centre strain, such every bit headaches or squinting.

The about mutual type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a compatible refractive alphabetize. For people with presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal glasses provide ii or three different refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous gradient.^[1] Lenses tin can also be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to be more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.

Reading glasses provide a split set of glasses for focusing on shut-past objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from drugstores, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these accept a pair of uncomplicated lenses of equal power, so volition not correct refraction issues like astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the full correction of the individual's sight, spectacles complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.

People who demand glasses to run across frequently have corrective lens restrictions on their driver's licenses that require them to article of clothing their spectacles every time they drive or risk fines or jail time.

Some militaries effect prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically GI glasses. Many land prisons in the Us issue glasses to inmates, often in the form of clear plastic aviators.

Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might exist used to produce cheaper unmarried-vision glasses (since they don't have to be custom-manufactured for every person).

Pinhole glasses are a blazon of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do non actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a modest aperture in photography. This class of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can exist made in a DIY fashion by making small holes in a piece of bill of fare which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

Safety [edit]

Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are fabricated with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying droppings or other matter. Construction workers, manufacturing plant workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to article of clothing rubber glasses to shield the eyes from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. Equally of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to clothing rubber glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are besides safety glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, simply with much darker lenses, for utilise in welding where a full-sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are frequently called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding wink. Nylon frames are usually used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike well-nigh regular spectacles, rubber glasses frequently include protection abreast the eyes as well as in forepart of the optics.

Sunglasses [edit]

Sunglasses provide more comfort and protection confronting bright calorie-free and often against ultraviolet (UV) light. To properly protect the optics from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should accept UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the unabridged light spectrum that poses a danger.^[2]

Low-cal polarization is an added characteristic that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to run into into h2o when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures frequently used to gauge altitude may exist removed. Liquid-crystal displays emit polarized lite, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may exist worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and mirrorshades. Many blind people wear nearly opaque spectacles to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity conditions article of clothing sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the light more tolerable.

Sunglasses may too have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be fastened to another pair of spectacles. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over top of another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear contact lenses to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses tin be used.

Mixed doubleframe [edit]

Doubleframe eyewear with one set of lenses on the moving frame and some other pair of lenses on a fixed frame (optional).

The double frame uplifting glasses have 1 moving frame with one pair of lenses and the bones fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by four-bar linkage. For example, sun lenses could be easily lifted up and down while mixed with myopia lenses that always stay on. Presbyopia lenses could exist also combined and hands removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses.

3D glasses [edit]

The illusion of 3 dimensions on a 2-dimensional surface can exist created by providing each heart with dissimilar visual data. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes. The signal, frequently light reflected off a pic screen or emitted from an electronic brandish, is filtered so that each centre receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the blazon of signal they were designed for.

Anaglyph 3D glasses accept a unlike colored filter for each center, typically red and blue or red and green. A polarized 3D system on the other mitt uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D spectacles allow for color 3D, while the red-blueish lenses produce an epitome with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D organisation uses electronic shutters. Caput-mounted displays can filter the signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewer's eyes.

Anaglyph and polarized spectacles are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and agile shutter glasses are used with many dwelling theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can exist shared between multiple units.

Magnification (bioptics) [edit]

Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective drinking glass and ameliorate aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be attached to existing glasses.

Xanthous-tinted computer/gaming glasses [edit]

Yellowish tinted spectacles are a type of glasses with a modest yellowish tint. They perform minor colour correction, on pinnacle of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses.^[iii] Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses tin can as well filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced center-strain.^[four] These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.^[5]

Bluish-light blocking glasses [edit]

Eyeglasses that filter out blue light from computers, smartphones and tablets are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns most problems caused by blue light overexposure.^[6] The problems claimed range from dry eyes to eye strain, sleep cycle disruption, up to macular degeneration which tin can cause fractional blindness.^{[half dozen]} Simply research shows no measurable ultraviolet radiation from computer monitors.^{[vi] [seven]} Long hours of calculator use may cause eye strain, not bluish light.^{[6] [8] [nine] [10]} Many eye symptoms caused past computer use will lessen later on the usage of figurer is stopped.^[six] Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to nighttime manner will amend sleep.^{[eight] [11]} Blue light from computers will non lead to eye diseases, including macular degeneration.^{[eight] [12] [13]}

The American University of Ophthalmology (AAO) doesn't recommend special eyewear for reckoner utilise,^{[6] [9]} although information technology recommends using prescription glasses measured specifically for computer screen distance (depending on individuals, but possibly 20-26 inches from the face), which are not the aforementioned as "blue-light blocking" spectacles.^[14] The position of the College of Optometrists (UK) is "the best scientific prove currently available does not support the employ of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to improve visual functioning, alleviate the symptoms of heart fatigue or visual discomfort, improve slumber quality or conserve macula health."^[15] However, some users do notice benefits, and some heart professionals believe they have benefits, at least for reducing centre strain.^[9]

Anti-glare protection spectacles [edit]

Anti-glare protection glasses, or blueish-light glasses, can reduce the reflection of light that enters the eyes. Bluish-calorie-free blocking glasses are designed to filter or block blueish low-cal and reduce the eye strain from it, likely coming from electronic LED screens.^[16] The lenses are given an anti-glare coating to forestall reflections of light under dissimilar lighting conditions. By reducing the amount of glare on your optics, vision can be improved.^[17]

The anti-glare also applies to the outer drinking glass, thus assuasive for better eye contact.^[17]

Frames [edit]

Spectacles, c.  1920s, with springy cable temples

The ophthalmic frame is the office of a pair of glasses that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.^[18]

Parts [edit]

• pair of middle wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place
• bridge which connects the two eye wires
• chassis, the combination of the center wires and the bridge
• superlative bar or brow bar, a bar just above the span providing structural back up and/or manner enhancement (country/Grandpa style). The addition of a elevation bar makes a pair of glasses aviator eyeglasses
• pair of brows or caps, plastic or metallic caps which fit over the top of the eye wires for manner enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The add-on of brows makes a pair of glasses browline glasses
• pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the nose
• pair of pad arms connect the nose pads to the eye wires
• pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
• pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
• pair of end pieces connect the eye wires via the hinges to the temples
• pair of frame-front end end pieces
• pair of hinges connect the stop pieces to the temples, assuasive a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a small-scale spring that affords the temples a greater range of motility and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree bending.

Temple types [edit]

• Skull temples: bend down behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and balance evenly against the skull
• Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through low-cal force per unit area against the side of the skull
• Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent
• Riding bow temples: curve effectually the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic, children's, and industrial safety frames;
• Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, but made from a springy cable of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the ringlet can be adjusted along its whole length, assuasive the frame to fit the wearer'south ear bend perfectly. Used for physically agile wearers, children, and people with loftier prescriptions (heavy lenses).^{[xix] [20]} See the image of 1920s frames in a higher place.

Materials [edit]

Plastic and polymer [edit]

• Cellulose acetate
• Optyl, a type of hypoallergenic material fabricated especially for eyeglass frames. It features a blazon of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.
• Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
• 3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation sintering processes – see Mykita Mylon (The frames can be 3-D printed by Fused Filament Fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or nylon)^[21]
• Nylon

Metallic [edit]

Various metals and alloys may be used to make glasses such every bit gold, argent, aluminum, beryllium, stainless steel, titanium, monel and nickel titanium.

Natural textile [edit]

Also natural materials may exist used such every bit wood, bone, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones.

Corrective lens shape [edit]

Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape

Corrective lenses tin exist produced in many different shapes from a circular lens chosen a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower ability lenses, there are few restrictions which allow for many trendy and fashionable shapes. College ability lenses can crusade distortion of peripheral vision and may become thick and heavy if a big lens shape is used. Even so, if the lens becomes too small-scale, the field of view can be drastically reduced.

Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses generally crave a taller lens shape to get out room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the well-nigh efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses every bit a manner item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either circular, oval, rectangular or curved octagons. Information technology was not until spectacles began to be seen as an accessory that different shapes were introduced to exist more than aesthetically pleasing than functional.

History [edit]

Precursors [edit]

Scattered evidence exists for utilise of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald past emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elderberry.^[22]

The use of a convex lens to class an enlarged/magnified image was most probable described in Ptolemy's Optics (which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and about notably by Alhazen (Book of Optics, c. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Optics and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, congruent with the development of "reading stones".

Robert Grosseteste'southward treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using eyes to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances".^[23] A few years later in 1262, Roger Salary is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses.^{[24] [25]} The development of the kickoff eyeglasses took place in northern Italy in the 2d one-half of the 13th century.^[26]

Independently of the evolution of optical lenses, some cultures developed "sunglasses" for centre protection, without any corrective properties.^[27] For case, flat panes of smoky quartz were used in 12th-century China, and the Inuit have used snow goggles for eye protection.^[a]

Invention [edit]

The earliest recorded annotate on the use of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 by Roger Salary, who was also the commencement European to take described in item the procedure of making gunpowder.^[29]

The first eyeglasses were estimated to have been fabricated in central Italian republic, most probable in Pisa, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (c. 1255–1311) wrote "It is not even so twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which brand for good vision ... And it is and so brusque a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who starting time discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him."^[xxx]

Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The Ancient Relate of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with anybody with a cheerful and willing centre."^[31] Venice quickly became an of import center of manufacture, especially due to using the loftier quality glass made at Murano.^[32] Past 1301, there were lodge regulations in Venice governing the auction of eyeglasses.^[33] and a divide guild of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320.^[32] In the fourteenth century they were very common objects: Francesco Petrarca says in one of his letters that, until he was 60, he didn't need glasses,^{[34] [35]} and Franco Sacchetti mentions them often in his Trecentonovelle.

The earliest pictorial bear witness for the utilise of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early case would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church building of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. Although concave lenses for myopia (near-sightedness) had made their kickoff advent in the mid-15th century,^[32] it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the starting time correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.^[b]

Early on frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses riveted together past the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The primeval surviving examples were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent about Celle in Federal republic of germany; they have been dated to circa 1400.^[38]

The world's offset spectacle specialist store opened in Strasbourg (and so Holy Roman Empire, at present France) in 1466.^[39]

Other claims [edit]

The 17th century claim, by Francesco Redi, that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses, in the 13th century, has been exposed as erroneous.^{[40] [41]}

Marco Polo is mistakenly claimed to accept encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. Nevertheless, no such evidence appears in his accounts.^{[42] [43]} Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in Communist china occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.^[44]

In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer speculated, in his history of glasses, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of Mainland china and Europe at approximately the aforementioned fourth dimension it was probable that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed Bharat as a location.^{[45] [c]} All the same, Joseph Needham speculated that the mention of glasses in the Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in part" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in subsequently versions was added during the Ming dynasty.^[46]

In 1971 Rishi Agarwal, in an commodity in the British Journal of Ophthalmology, states that Vyasatirtha was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that it "is, therefore, near likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did Hindu mathematics and the ophthalmological works of the aboriginal Hindu surgeon Sushruta",^[47] but all dates are given well after the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, and there had been significant shipments of eyeglasses from Italy to the Center Eastward, with one shipment as big equally 24,000 glasses.^[48]

Later developments [edit]

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Historians have from time to time produced testify to propose that others may have preceded him in the invention; nonetheless, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the United States, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps fifty years before than had been originally idea.^[49] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed past the British astronomer George Blusterous in 1825.^[50]

Over time, the construction of frames for spectacles also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in identify by hand or past exerting pressure level on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed erstwhile before 1727, mayhap by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were non immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld^[51]) developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua Silver designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work past using a congenital-in syringe to pump a silicone solution into a flexible lens.^[52]

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser cosmetic center surgery, glasses remain very mutual, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is at present possible to purchase frames made of special retentiveness metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames take jump-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offer dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily clothing and the occasional blow. Modern frames are also frequently fabricated from potent, low-cal-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in before times.

In fashion [edit]

In the 1930s, "glasses" were described equally "medical appliances".^[53] Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, stylish glasses started to become bachelor through manufacturers, and governments too recognized the need for stylized eyewear.^[53]

Graham Pullin describes how devices for inability, similar glasses, take traditionally been designed to camouflage against the pare and restore ability without being visible.^[53] In the past, design for disability has "been less virtually projecting a positive image equally about trying not to project an paradigm at all".^[53] Pullin uses the example of glasses, traditionally categorized every bit a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accessory.^[53] Much similar other fashion designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by flavour and designer.^[53] In recent years it has get more than common for consumers to purchase eyewear with non-prescription lenses as a fashion accompaniment.^[53]

Society and civilisation [edit]

Market [edit]

The market for spectacles has been characterized every bit having highly inelastic need. Advertising restrictions in the United states of america, for case, have correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the glasses market more than toll-competitive.^[54] It has also been claimed to be monopolistically competitive, equally in the case of Luxottica.^{[55] [56] [57]}

There are claims that insufficiently free market contest inflates the prices of frames, which cost an average of $25–$50 U.South. to brand, to an average retail price of $300 in the The states. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.^{[58] [59] [sixty]}

Redistribution [edit]

Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,^[61] Unite For Sight,^[62] ReSpectacle,^[63] and New Optics for the Needy provide a style to donate glasses and sunglasses to people on low incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 Pairs.^[64]

Fashion [edit]

Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ, Budapest

Many people require spectacles for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in diverse combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses every bit a style accessory. In Nihon, some companies ban women from wearing spectacles.^[65]

Personal paradigm [edit]

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped equally pious clergymen, as those in religious vocation were the most likely to be literate and therefore the most probable to need reading glasses, elderly, or physically weak and passive.^{[66] [67]} The stigma began to fall away in the United States of America in the early on 1900s when the pop Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when pop comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Glasses" character in his films.^{[66] [67]}

In the United Kingdom, wearing glasses was characterised in the nineteenth century, as "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to Neville Cardus, writing in 1928.^[68] "Tim" Killick was the first professional person cricketer to play while wearing glasses "continuously", subsequently his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront among English professionals of all-round abilities."^[68]

Since eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often deed as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of middle-spectacles they wore to the point that thick, blackness horn-rimmed glasses are frequently called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metallic eyeglass frames called "John Lennon spectacles" (or, more recently, "Harry Potter glasses"). British comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, foursquare, horn-rimmed glasses, which were, in fact, a sophisticated hearing aid that alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.^[69] Some celebrities take become and then associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking other measures against vision issues: The states Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to wear not-prescription glasses after being fitted for contacts and getting laser heart surgery, respectively.

Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-style round horn-rimmed glasses as Deirdre Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears spectacles to separate his professional persona every bit a chef from his stage persona every bit Iron Chef Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players clothing lensless glasses with thick plastic frames similar horn-rimmed spectacles during post-game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to histrion Jaleel White'southward infamous styling as Telly grapheme Steve Urkel.^{[70] [71]}

In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have get a standard component of various heroes' disguises every bit masks, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are non in their superhero personae: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s manner horn-rimmed glasses as Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either round, Harold Lloyd way glasses or 1970s style bug-eye glasses as Diana Prince. An case of the halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear spectacles are intelligent. This conventionalities can accept positive consequences for people who wear glasses, for example in elections. Studies prove that wearing glasses increases politicians' electoral success, at to the lowest degree in Western cultures.^[72]

Styles [edit]

In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to exist considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles take come up in and out of popularity. Nigh are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.

• Aviator sunglasses
• Browline spectacles
• Issues-eye glasses
• Cat eye glasses
• GI spectacles
• Goggles
• Horn-rimmed spectacles
• Lensless glasses
• Monocle
• Pince-nez
• Rimless glasses
• Sunglasses
• Wayfarer sunglasses
• Windsor spectacles

See too [edit]

• Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
• Baden-Powell'due south unilens
• Eye test
• Eyeglass prescription
• History of optics
• Ten-ray vision
• Plurale tantum

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hide their facial expressions during court proceedings.^[28]
2. ^ In his treatise Advert Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement) to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image is once again properly focused on the retina.^{[36] [37]}
3. ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille (PDF), vol. 6, p. 26, retrieved 29 May 2019 Translation:

   I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the Invention of Spectacles" published in the concluding issue of this journal (Volume VI, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent discussion by Prof. GÜPPERT. The volume by HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should be presented in particular, has not yet become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it equally far as possible and prefer to prove, by means of new material from Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of spectacles in India is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, as all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in particular; Crystal glasses appear in the European Middle Ages, in India, and in Mainland china, and from the historical point of view one can suppose from the offset that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, simply that a historical connection is here present.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Eyeglasses - All What You lot Need to Know", Eyewa Blog , retrieved 24 March 2020
2. ^ "Sunglasses non simply an accessory in the Sunshine State", Sun-Lookout man.com , retrieved x April 2018
3. ^ Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017), "Figurer glasses that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling similar crazy, but they probably aren't doing you much good", Business organization Insider
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General bibliography [edit]

• Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, ISBN9780871692597 .
• Needham, Joseph (1962), "Part 1", Scientific discipline & Civilisation in China, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN9780521058025 .

External links [edit]

This audio file was created from a revision of this commodity dated 31 March 2008 (2008-03-31), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glasses.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Glasses

• Spectacles Gallery at the British Optical Association Museum
• "Spectacles", The Medieval Technology, NYU, archived from the original on 16 October 2015, retrieved 15 June 2009 .
• "Are Your Eyes Right", Popular Science (commodity), February 1944 , on eyes and how eyeglasses right vision (page 120).
• "Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil State of war" (2012 article) via the Internet Archive; Antiquarian Eyeglasses in America.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses

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